Reading binary (from binary to decimal)

To read binary, you need to convert the binary number into expanded exponential form but instead of using 10 as the base each time, you would use 2.
For example, (normal way) using 10 as the base it would look like: 1011=1x10^3 + 0x10^2 + 1x10^1 + 1x10^0.

But to convert 1011 from binary to decimal you would do what i did at the bottom which i replaced the 10 as twos,  calculate each exponent and multiplying each exponent by the binary number that they are assigned to. After you add the numbers together to get the decimal number from binary.
For Example 1011 =1x2^3 + 0x2^2 + 1x2^1 + 1x2^0
                               =8         +  0        + 2         +  1
                               =11
So 1011 would equal 11.

Below, the chart might help you understand how to convert binary to number.

Using a 1x16 LCD Display with an Arduino (uno)

LCD Display
the arduino code above is the code needed to be inputed in an arduino (uno) to use a lcd display. The lcd that i have on the left is a 16 by 2 lcd display but the display is split in 2 havles, 8 on one side and 8 on the other side.
You can see in the top that the message i wanted to print was hello world  and after void loop, you can see that hello world is split in 2 parts because the display is split in 2 parts.
To know how to connect the lcd display to the arduino, look below.

Calculating capacitance of non-polarized capacitors

Calculating non  polarized capacitor capacitance
To calculate the capacitance of a non polarized capacitor, locate the 3 digit code like on the picture on the left (locate the 3 numbers that are alongside each other).  The use the chart above to figure out the capacitance. The first and second number of the 3 digit code are the first 2 digits. The third number of the code shows multiplier which you would find in the chart, find the multiplier number and multiply the first 2 digits by the multiplier to get the capacitance. The capacitance calculated is in Pico-farads (pF). To convert the pf to another capacitance unit, use the chart below.

Led current driver using Lm317

Led Driver (current regulator)
This is an led driver like before. but this drives the leds using current regulate. This driver regulates the current by using the potentiometer to get the correct current. To use the driver, you turn the potentiometer all the way down, then you connect the leds to the circuit and the power supply, then connect the ammeter or multimeter, setting to current mode and highest settings across the 1 ohm resister test point. Slowly turn the potentiometer up until the correct current for the leds is read on the ammeter/multimeter or the leds are lit a the right brightness for you.
On the left is the pin out for the lm 317, connect it correctly in the circuit, if not it could be damaged.

Variable voltage regulator using LM317

 Variable voltage regulator
This is a variable voltage regulator using a lm317 in the circuit above. This circuit and ic can regulate from 1.5v to 30v (maximum voltage is 30v). This circuit can handle up to 1 amp, but if your gonna regulate high to low voltage at one amp, this ic will get extremely hot, so you would need to put a giant heatsink on it to dissipate alot of heat. Even if you wont regulate alot of voltage, still put a heat sink on it.
On the left shows the pinout of the lm317. make sure you wire the lm317 in the circuit corr

led driver using lm317 (voltage regulated)

 led driver (voltage regulated driver)
This is an led driver which uses a lm317 variable voltage regulator. This regulator circuit can be useful to drive high power leds (1-5w) leds, but you would need the heatsink. You could also power low power leds like 5mm leds. This circuit can handle up to on amp at 30v and the maximum input is 30v and maximum output is 28v. Minimum input is 2-3v and minimum output is 1.5v.
To use the regulator for the led, you jeust turn the potentiometer until the output voltage is the same as the voltage needed for the led(Forward voltage).

The image on the right shows the pinout of the lm317. Wire the ic in the circuit correctly, if n

Led Transistor flasher

This is a circuit that flashes 2 leds back and forth without any ics or micro-controllers. this is a multivibrator circuit which flashes the leds depending on the resistances of R1 and R2, more resistance means slower flashing speed, less resistance means faster flashing speed. You can also change the capacitance of C1 and C2 to also change the flashing speed.\

On the left is the circuit I made that runs on 9 volts and has output wires leading to multiple leds for a flashing sign/signal.

NE555 Voltage Doubler

This a project using a NE555 timer chip. This circuit above that i drew, shows an oscillator circuit which would boost the input voltage and double the input voltage.

On the left is the the circuit that i made, and it works well, but it can only handle low power loads like lights, i added a inducter which is the black thing to smooth out the noise on the output. (Inducter put between the output capacitor and the diode.

Automatic Dusk light using LDR version 1

Dusk light using LDR
This is also an automatic dusk light, but this uses an LDR instead of a solar panel for project 2. this is a simple design, where you can use various power supplies (3-15v) instead of a battery, but you  can still use one. This light can be adjusted to when to turn on when dusk using the potentiometer (high resistance means turns on when really dark) (lower resistances means turns on when near dusk or at light dusk.

On the left is a picture of my circuit, but without a potentiometer because I have set the exact resistance for it to turn on in my area. This circuit is used inside as a hallway light.

Automatic outdoor solar dusk light

This is a project where it is solar powered, and it charges a battery and turns on 12v led lights or leds wired with resistors in the garden, house, hallway etc. at dusk.
This circuit is really simple, shown above. It has 3 leds for different indicators;battery power,solar power and load on (dusk) or off.

On the left is a picture of the circuit encased with hot glue and placed in a small hood and mesh to prevent water going in it. This is placed in the garden to turn on garden lights.
It is hooked up to a small 15v solar panel and a poor 12v battery that i had laying around

LED bulb

If you want to make this project, do it at your 
own risk, there is a risk of electrocution

This project is converting a dead cfl bulb to a led bulb,using some leds (5050 led chips), non-polarized capacitors and polarized capacitors, resistors, cfl base and 4 diodes.
The component value are found in my schematic on the above.

Above are the parts needed from the cut open cfl bulbs.

(cut the bulb at the seam using a hacksaw, don't break the glass part.

Above: Creating the led board by drawing the circuit on it, cover the wanted parts with aluminum tape, then make a solution of 1 part vinegar, and 1 part hydrogen peroxide to etch the circuit. Let the circuit board sit in the solution for 12 hours and the board will be etched out and you can solder the surface mounted led.

add a plastic container on top the the led to prevent electrocution, when bulb is on